2000bc: In Sumer Mesopotamia, a musical notation system is invented.

760: Battle of Hereford: The Welsh kingdoms of Brycheiniog, Gwent and Powys defeat the Mercians
under King Offa at Hereford. They free themselves from the influence of the Anglo-Saxons.

781: King Charlemagne has his son Carloman (renamed Pepin) anointed "King of Italy", and he is crowned
by Pope Adrian-I with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. His younger brother Charles-I is anointed king
of Aquitaine, and Louis the Pious (only 3-years old) is appointed sub-king of Italy and Aquitaine.

794: Queen Fastrada, third wife of Charlemagne, dies in Frankfurt after 11 years of marriage. Charlemagne
consoles himself with Luitgard, an Alemannian noblewoman, whom he marries and moves into his new
palace at Aachen (Germany). Luitgard shares Charlemagne's interest in the liberal arts.

808: King Godfred of the Danes forms an alliance with the Wiltzi and other Wendic tribes, against
the pagan but pro-Frankish Abodrites.[1] Godfred builds earthworks (Danevirke) across the isthmus
of Schleswig-Holstein, separating Jutland from the northern extent of the Frankish Empire.

823: Emperor Michael-II defeats the rebel forces under Thomas the Slav in Thrace. He and his supporters
are forced to seek refuge in Arkadiopolis (modern Turkey). After five months of blockade, Thomas
surrenders and is delivered to Michael, seated on a donkey and bound in chains. He pleads for clemency
and prostrates before Michael, but is executed.

838: Battle of Hingston Down: The West Saxons, led by King Egbert of Wessex, defeat a combined force
of Cornish and Danish Vikings, at Hingston Down in Cornwall.

856: King AEthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-old Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald,
at Verberie (Northern France). She is crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims.
The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom.

880: Battle of Fjaler: King Harald Fairhair moves east along the Norwegian coast with his fleet.
He defeats his rival Atle Mjove at Fjaler in Sunnfjord, and lands with his longships at Tonsberg.

275: In Asia Minor at Hierapolis, the first crank-and-connecting-rod sawmill begins operation.